Abuses by Ukrainian Volunteer Units: Amnesty International raised concerns about Ukrainian volunteer battalions (non-state armed groups supporting the Ukrainian military) acting like "renegade gangs," implicated in torture, abductions, and summary executions of civilians suspected of supporting separatists.
Targeted Violence: In 2014–2015, reports documented cases of enforced disappearances and beatings of individuals perceived as pro-Russian
Civilian Casualties from Shelling: While most civilian deaths were attributed to crossfire or separatist/Russian actions, the UN reported that indiscriminate shelling in populated areas by both sides caused civilian harm. For example, in 2014–2015, over 3,400 civilians were killed in the Donbas conflict.
